N-TYPES and P-TYPES SEMICONDUCTOR
N-type semiconductor
When a small amount of pentavalent impurity such as arsenic is added to a pure germanium semiconductor crystal, the resulting crystal is called N-type semiconductor.
Fig 1 shows the crystal structure obtained when pentavalent arsenic impurity is added with pure germanium crystal. The four valence electrons of arsenic atom form covalent bonds with electrons of neighboring four germanium atoms. The fifth electron of arsenic atom is loosely bound. This electron can move about almost as freely as an electron in a conductor and hence it will be the carrier of current. What is thermodynamics & law of Thermodynamics?
When the fifth valence electron is transferred to the conduction band, the arsenic atom becomes positively charged immobile ion. Each impurity atom donates one free electron to the semiconductor. These impurity atoms are called donors.
In N-type semiconductor material, the number of electrons increases, compared to the available number of charge carriers in the intrinsic semiconductor. This is because, the available larger number of electrons increases the rate of recombination of electrons with holes. Hence, in N-type semiconductor, free electrons are the majority charge carriers and holes are the minority charge carriers.
(b) P-type semiconductor: https:/tblogs.halawbook.com N-TYPES and P-TYPES SEMICONDUCTOR
When a small amount of trivalent impurity (such as indium, boron or gallium) is added to a pure semiconductor crystal, the resulting semiconductor crystal is called P-type semiconductor. https://eblog.mhaagj.org
Fig 2 shows the crystal structure obtained, when trivalent boron impurity is added with pure germanium crystal. The three valence electrons of the boron atom form covalent bonds with valence electrons of three neighborhood germanium atoms.
N-TYPES and P-TYPES SEMICONDUCTOR
In the fourth covalent bond, only one valence electron is available from germanium atom and there is deficiency of one electron which is called as a hole. Hence for each boron atom added, one hole is created. Since the holes can accept electrons from neighborhood, the impurity is called acceptor.
The hole may be filled by the electron from a neighboring atom, creating a hole in that position from where the electron moves. This process continues and the hole moves about in a random manner due to thermal effects. Since the hole is associated with a positive charge moving from one position to another, this is called as P-type semiconductor.
In P-type semiconductors, holes are the majority charge carriers and free electrons are the minority charge carriers.Conduction in semiconductors:
The two reasons for conduction in semiconductors are
Charges drift under an applied electric field.
Diffusion of charge from higher concentration to lower concentration.
When an electric field is applied the holes try to move along the field direction and electrons in opposite direction.
